Г, Ґ, and Х are different sounds

One letter, two cases

Г is a voiced h-like sound. Ґ is hard g and adds a small upturn. Х is the friction sound in loch. These letters are distinct in Ukrainian. Compare the examples side by side. Letter names label the characters; the sound cues explain how to pronounce them.

he

Г г makes a voiced h-like sound. Ґ ґ has an extra upturn and makes hard g.

г

he

ge

Ґ ґ makes hard g, as in go. Look for the small upturn that distinguishes it from Г г.

ґ

ge

kha

Х х is the friction sound in Scottish loch, not ks. Compare Г г, voiced h, and Ґ ґ, hard g.

х

kha