Things, possession and no compulsory articles

Build noun phrases without English-style articles or case endings.

Nouns and context

buku = book; rumah = house/home; tas = bag; ini = this; itu = that. There is no obligatory a/an/the system matching English. Buku can refer to a book, the book or books in context.

Possession and pointing

Put the possessor after the noun: buku saya, rumah kami. A demonstrative follows the noun phrase: buku saya ini = this book of mine. Ini buku saya = This is my book.

No case declension

Saya stays saya as subject and after a preposition: untuk saya = for me; dengan saya = with me. Roles are expressed through sentence structure and prepositions, not noun case endings. Reduplication can mark plurality: buku-buku, but it is not compulsory for every plural reference.